Tuesday 19th AprilI thought I would use today's blog post to talk about secret societies, which are a particularly interesting aspect of Sierra Leone's culture.
Females - BondoBefore coming to Sierra Leone, the only Sierra Leonean secret society I had heard of was Bondo. The Bondo secret society is notorious as the forum through which female genital mutilation (FGM) occurs. My gut reaction has always been to detest FGM. I read about Bondo in a book written by a woman who had been initiated into the Bondo secret society, and said that she underwent FGM, but was still very positive about Bondo. She said that it was an opportunity for her to learn about how to manage a household, how to manage her relationship with her future husband, and provided a sense of sisterhood with those who were initiated with her.
Secret societies for malesThe only people I have spoken to about this so far in Sierra Leone have been male.
The process of joining a secret society for males seems to involve the following steps:
(1) Goading
People in the village where you live will have discussed this with you (it is more of a provincial phenomenon, and doesn't happen much in Freetown). These people will include your friends and family. They will probably have goaded you, telling you that you are only half a man, or you're a woman because you are not a member of a society. If you express disapproval to your parents, they are likely to tell you that you are young and don't really understand things yet, but you will appreciate it once you've joined.
(2) Agreement and Payment
You will agree and hand over a payment, which will probably involve just cash, or maybe cash + a she-goat + a chicken + etc (varies by region). Many people I have spoken to suggest that you almost certainly will agree in the end. There seems to be a sense of inevitability about this.
(3) Mutilation
You will get bodily mutilated. One pupil I was talking to told me that he was sitting in his village one day drinking palm wine with his friends. Some men arrived. Some of them had cuts in their arms with blood pouring out, another had a knife sticking out of the back of his neck, another had a knife sticking out of his belly. They took one of his friends away. He then heard his friend screaming. The screams lasted from 2pm to 6pm. He described these as deep howls coming from the core of the man's soul.
Nobody will ever tell you what sort of mutilation happens to these people. Apparently if you find out you will die - I think some secret societies are willing to kill people who find out secrets without being members of the society. Rumour has it that if you give away the secrets then parts of your body will swell up and you will die.
(4) Benefits of membership
Those who aren't members of society tell me that they are fearful of joining, and can't really see any benefits. Those who are members tell me that they get a sense of camaraderie from membership. They learn valuable skills from the society such as how to extract palm oil and how to treat your wife. Also to be successful in politics it is essential to be a member of multiple secret societies. I also gather that if you are already a successful politician or powerful figure, you can get membership with a "reduced-pain" version of the initiation ceremony, although I obviously couldn't get any more details about this (on pain of death!)
Some have told me that you don't really get forced initiations into secret societies. Others (from other parts of the country) tell me that if you say negative things about the secret society, then people will grab you one day and carry you off to perform the initiation on you. They will get the payment from your family. Once a member they can then mockingly invite you to criticise the society which you are now a member of.